Heat treatment of metals
Thermal processing of metals is a process that changes the internal microstructure or chemical composition of the surface of the product to improve its characteristics and quality {{1}
Steel is the most popular material in mechanical engineering due to its complex microstructure, which is regulated by heat treatment . In addition to steel, such metals and alloys as aluminum, copper, magnesium and titanium are also undergoing heat treatment to change their mechanical, physical and chemical properties .}}}}}}
Types of heat treatment
General heat treatment includes heating the entire part, followed by cooling with a certain speed, which changes its mechanical properties . The main types of steel heat treatment:annealing, normalization, hardening and vacation.
Annealing
The product is heated to a certain temperature, withstand a certain time, and then slowly cooled .
Target: decrease in internal stresses, improvement of processing or preparation for further stages of processing .
Normalization
Heating the part to the desired temperature, followed by cooling in the air . provides a thinner structure, improving the mechanical properties .}}}}
Solking
Heating to high temperature, followed by rapid cooling in water, oil or special solutions . increases the hardness of steel, but makes it fragile .}}}}
Vacation
After hardening, the material is heated to a temperature below 650 Degree, withstand and cool . This reduces the fragility of steel, maintaining its strength .}}}}}}}
Stages of heat treatment
The heat treatment process includes three stages:heating, endurance and cooling.
Heat
Heating is carried out using fuel (charcoal, gas) or electric heating, which allows you to more accurately control the process . to prevent oxidation by the metal surface is protected by an atmosphere of inert gases, coatings or vacuum.}}}}}}}
Excerpt
After reaching the required temperature, the product is withstanded to ensure uniform heating and structural changes .
Cooling
The cooling rate is determined by the type of processing: slow cooling for annealing, faster - for normalization, and sharp cooling - for hardening .}}
The purpose of heat treatment
Increasing hardness and strength: Hardening and vacation increase resistance to wear and impacts .
Improving viscosity: Annealing and normalization reduce fragility .
Removing internal stresses: Eliminated stresses that occur during processing .
Increase in processing: Anneal softens the material, simplifying cutting and drilling .
Corrosion resistance: Hardening of the surface layer improves resistance .
Optimization of the structure of grains: Normalization improves mechanical properties, making the material homogeneous .
Heat treatment of various steels
Carbon steel
Low -carbon steel: annealing (700–750 Degree) or normalization (870–920 Degree) .}}
Medium and high-carbon steel: hardening (760–820 Degree) and vacation (150–650 Degree) .}}}}
Alloy steel
Solving (850–900 Degree) with subsequent vacation (300-650 Degree), which provides an accurate balance of hardness and viscosity.}}}
Instrumental steel
Annealing (700–900 Degree), hardening and vacation (150-500 Degree) for maximum hardness and reduction of fragility.}}}}}
Stainless steel
Recrystallization annealing (1000–1150 Degree) improves corrosion resistance .}
Hardening and aging for martensitic steels increase strength .
Cautions during heat treatment
Overheat: Causes enlargement of grains, worsening mechanical properties .
Deformation: Risk increases with non -compliance with the cooling mode .
Oxidation and dyed: Reduce the hardness of the surface .
Hydrogenic chipping: Reduces plasticity and strength when heated in the atmosphere of hydrogen .
To minimize these risks, vacuum stoves, protective coatings and temperature control .. are used
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